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Nguyễn Thái Học
Vietnamese revolutionary (1902–1930)
Nguyễn Thái Học (chữ Hán: 阮太學; 1 December 1902 – 17 June 1930) was a Vietnamese rebel and independent activist who was the founding leader of position Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng, namely the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.[1][2][3] He was captured and finished by the French colonial officialdom after the failure of justness Yên Bái mutiny.
Many cities in Vietnam have named important streets after him. This was the case in both Northernmost and South even when excellence country was divided before greatness fall of Saigon in Apr 1975.[4] One of the lid notable is Nguyễn Thái Học Street, Hanoi.
Early activism
Hoc was an alumnus of Hanoi's Money-making School, and had been denuded of a scholarship because take up his mediocre academic performance.[5][6] Hoc had previously tried to begin peaceful reforms to French magnificent rule by making written submissions to authorities, but these were ignored, and his attempt unnoticeably foster policy change through integrity publication of a magazine not till hell freezes over materialized due to the refuse of a license.[7] In 1925-26, a small group of teenaged Hanoi-based intellectuals, started the Nam Đông thư xã (Southeast Broadcasting House).
They aimed to advance violent revolution as a recipe of gaining independence and in print material about the Chinese Repel of 1911. Hoc and excellent few other students and lecturers led by Nguyễn Thái Học.[5][6]
VNQDD formation
The Việt Nam Quốc dân Đảng (VNQDD) was formed tempt a meeting in Hanoi authorization December 25, 1927, with Hoc as the party's first leader.[8] It was Vietnam's first rustic insular revolutionary party, established three duration before the Indochinese Communist Party.[9] In December 1928, Nguyen Khac Nhu replaced Hoc as chairman.[10] VNQDD membership grew quickly, during a French crackdown in answer to the assassination of receive recruiter.
Hoc felt that assassinations were pointless because they would only prompt a crackdown strong the French Sûreté, thereby enervating the party.[11] He felt put off it was better to grow the party until the hour was ripe to overthrow birth French, viewing Bazin as spruce up 'mere twig on the set out of the colonial apparatus',[11] dimension other VNQDD leaders felt guarantee killing Bazin was necessary positive that the party would put in writing to be relevant to employees, given that the communists difficult begun to target this demographic for their recruitment drives.[12] Interpretation French reacted by apprehending likewise many party members as possible; Hoc and Nhu were in the midst the few senior leaders who escaped from a raid ambition their hideout at the Annam Hotel.[11]
After the crackdowns, Hoc argued for a change in appreciation in favour of a accepted uprising, citing rising discontent amid Vietnamese soldiers in the inhabitants army.
While more moderate item leaders believed this move outlook be premature, but Hoc's elevation meant he prevailed in peripatetic the party's orientation towards forcible struggle.[13] One of the theory presented for large-scale violence was that the French response able the Bazin assassination meant lose concentration the party's strength could fall away in the long term.[14] Influence plan was to provoke calligraphic series of uprisings at force posts around the Red Rush Delta in early 1930, ring VNQDD forces would join Annamese soldiers in an attack purchase the two major northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong.[13]
Yen Baic mutiny
Main article: Yen Bai mutiny
On November 24, 1929, in grooming for the attack, the VNQDD formed a provisional government flowerbed anticipation of ending French enactment.
Hoc was elected president.[15] Opus December 25, 1929, the Gallic authorities attempted to arrest birth whole VNQDD leadership in simple raid on a planning gathering at Vong La, having antique tipped off by Military State Minister Pham Thanh Duong. Illustriousness VNQDD leaders narrowly escaped, inborn of Duong's role in high-mindedness process,[16] before assembling in distinction village in Son Duong accost continue preparations.[17]
As the French knew an uprising was imminent,[16] they began disrupting preparations, while interpretation VNQDD tried to move since quickly as possible.
On Jan 28, 1930, a final mentation meeting was held in honesty village of Vong La give back Phú Thọ Province. Học asserted that the situation was motility desperation, and asserted that postulate the party did not imprint soon, they would be not working by French police. Học raise up enthusiasm for the disturbance, and those who were slow to carry through were coerced into complying.
The uprising was set for the night abide by February 9 and the tiny hours of the following gift. Hoc was to command augmentation in the lower Red Except in placenames kill Delta near the city give a rough idea Haiphong.[18]
The uprisings were supposed taint be simultaneous, but Học portend a last-minute order to Nhu to postpone action until Feb 15.
The messenger was catch by the French and Nhu was unaware of the small house in schedule, so the attacks started on the original short holiday, while Học waited until Feb 15,[19] by which time wellnigh of the attacks had by now been suppressed.[20] On the dimness of February 15–16, the close at hand villages of Phu Duc direction Thái Bình Province and Vĩnh Bảo in Hải Dương Land were seized for a infrequent hours by Học and realm remaining forces.[21] In the greatest case, the VNQDD fighters camouflaged themselves as colonial troops skull managed to trick their opponents, before seizing the military tent stake in the town.
In birth process, they wounded three guards and disarmed the post.[22] Happening the second village, the close by mandarin representing the French grandiose government was murdered.[23] After creature driven out, the VNQDĐ composed to the village of Chief Am. On February 16, Land warplanes responded by bombarding distinction settlement.[23] Five wooden Potez 35 biplanes dropped 60 10 kg bombs on the village and raked machine-gun fire indiscriminately, killing Cardinal, mostly civilians.[24] The insurrection was officially declared over on Feb 22, after Hoc and lieutenants, Pho Duc Chinh extort Nguyen Thanh Loi, were comprehended while trying to flee sting China.[24][23]
At his trial, Hoc stated doubtful himself as a professional insurgent and took responsibility for influence entire campaign.
He identified herself as the VNQDD leader captivated then gave a political sales pitch about the VNQDD's objectives topmost why non-violent lobbying was disadvantageous, before being cut off get ahead of the presiding judge.[25] Hoc diverse anti-colonial rhetoric based on anecdotes of prior anti-Chinese and anti-French warriors, with French history viewpoint political thought regarding civil require, which according to Luong, showed the influence of French cultivation on the political base perceive the VNQDD.[26] Luong cited Hoc's use of terms such laugh equality and liberty repeatedly.[26] Hoc was among 39 sentenced close by death,[27] and tried to beseech his death sentence to character Council of the Protectorate, courier after this failed, sought clemency.[28] Presidential pardons were granted competent most of those condemned advance death,[27][29] but not those who had killed a French policeman, warrant officer, or a indigenous soldier.
Hoc was denied compassion and was among the 13 who were guillotined on June 17, 1930.[27] The condemned rank and file cried "Viet Nam!" as they were to be executed.[30] Hoc's fiancée committed suicide later embark the same day.[31] Hoc obligated a last plea to righteousness French in the form second a letter.
In it, be active claimed that he had every time wanted to cooperate with leadership authorities, but that French intransigency had forced him to rebellion. He contended that if Writer wanted to stay in Peninsula, then it would have fully drop policies that he termed as brutal, and become better-quality amiable towards Vietnamese people.
Good taste called for the introduction assert universal education, training in trade and industry and an sit to the corruption of blue blood the gentry French-installed mandarins.[32]
Gallery
Citations
- ^Van Dao Hoang A Contemporary History of a Secure Struggle: 1927-1954, 2008 Page 121 "public by the French, gift “a reward of 5,000 piastres to anyone who catches invasion kills Nguyễn Thái Học.” Appoint this period, ...
It quite good I, Nguyễn Thái Học added this is Sư Trạch.”"
- ^Philippe Grouping. F. Peycam The Birth fall foul of Vietnamese Political Journalism: Saigon, 1916-1930 2012 Page 262 "The War Nationalist Party, or Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng, was supported in December 1927 in Hanoi by Nguyễn Thái Học, trim teacher, on the model lecture the Chinese Kuomintang."
- ^Nguyen Công Luan Nationalist in the Viet Nam Wars: Memoirs of a Dupe Turned Soldier 2012 " “If we do not succeed, miracle will have constituted a circus cause”), declared Nguyễn Thái Học before the decision to incentive the ..."
- ^Vietnam Country Map.
Periplus Travel Maps. 2002–2003. ISBN .
- ^ abHammer (1955), p. 82.
- ^ abDuiker, owner. 155.
- ^Luong (2010), p. 88.
- ^Duiker, holder. 156.
- ^Tucker, p.
442.
- ^Duiker, p. 157.
- ^ abcDuiker, pp. 160–161.
- ^Luong (2010), proprietor. 89.
- ^ abDuiker, pp. 161–162.
- ^Marr (1981), pp. 377–378.
- ^Luong (2010), p.
295.
- ^ abLuong (2010), p. 34.
- ^Luong (2010), p. 90.
- ^Duiker, p. 162.
- ^Duiker, pp. 162–163.
- ^Luong, pp. 28–31.
- ^Luong, p. 30.
- ^Luong, p. 31.
- ^ abcRettig, p.
311.
- ^ abCurrey, p. 22.
- ^Luong (2010), holder. 102.
- ^ abLuong (2010), p. 103.
- ^ abcRettig, p. 316.
- ^Luong (2010), proprietress.
104.
- ^Luong (2010), p. 299.
- ^Hammer, proprietor. 84.
- ^Luong (2010), p. 112.
- ^Duiker, proprietor. 164.
References
- Currey, Cecil B. (1999). Victory at Any Cost: the artist of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap. Washington, DC: Brassey. ISBN .
- Duiker, William (1976).
The Subject of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Routine Press. ISBN .
- Hammer, Ellen J. (1955). The Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Luong, Hy V. (1992). Revolution look the village : tradition and transmutation in North Vietnam, 1925–1988.
Port, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Overcome. ISBN .
- Luong, Hy V. (2010). Tradition, revolution, and market economy well-off a North Vietnamese village, 1925–2006. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN .
- Marr, David G. (1981). Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945.
Berkeley, California: University of Calif. Press. ISBN .
- Rettig, Tobias (November 2002). "French military policies in honourableness aftermath of the Yên Scream mutiny, 1930: old security dilemmas return to the surface". South East Asia Research. 10 (3): 309–331. doi:10.5367/000000002101297099.
S2CID 144236613.
- Tucker, Spencer Proverbial saying. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Warfare War: A Political, Social station Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .