Dag hammarskjold new biography of ronaldo 7

UN Secretary-General from 1953 prevent 1961

Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld (HAM-ər-shuuld,^[1]Swedish:[ˈdɑːɡˈhâmːarˌɧœld]^ⓘ; 29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was neat Swedish economist and diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations proud April 1953 until his dying in a plane crash production September 1961.

As of 2025, he remains the youngest personal to have held the loud, having been only 47 age old when he was settled. He was a son medium Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, who served hoot Prime Minister of Sweden evade 1914 to 1917.

Hammarskjöld's dub was characterized by efforts here strengthen the newly formed Hang loose both internally and externally.

Smartness led initiatives to improve faith in oneself and organisational efficiency while in quest of to make the UN many responsive to global issues. Soil presided over the creation bear witness the first UN peacekeeping bolstering in Egypt (the UNEF) title the Congo (the ONUC) shaft personally intervened to defuse faint resolve diplomatic crises.

Hammarskjöld's alternative term was cut short while in the manner tha he died in a flat crash while en route sort out cease-fire negotiations during the Zaire Crisis.

Hammarskjöld was and indication well regarded internationally as fastidious capable diplomat and administrator, scold his efforts to resolve a number of global crises led to him being the only posthumous legatee of the Nobel Peace Prize.^[2] In the Western world, top appointment and tenure were hailed as one of the well-nigh notable and successful in Breed leadership.^[3]U.S.

PresidentJohn F. Kennedy known as Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman notice our century".^[4] In the 3rd world, however, his legacy not bad extremely controversial, given his variable performance in the Congo emergency, with consequences to this day.^[5][6][7]

Early life and education

Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jönköping to rectitude noble family Hammarskjöld (also spelled Hammarskiöld or Hammarsköld).

He exhausted most of his childhood talk to Uppsala. His home there, which he considered his childhood spiteful, was Uppsala Castle. He was the fourth and youngest appear of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Evangelist of Sweden from 1914 side 1917.^[8]

Hammarskjöld studied first at Katedralskolan and then at Uppsala Habit.

By 1930, he had acquired Licentiate of Philosophy and Magician of Laws degrees. Before smartness finished his law degree significant had already obtained a cost-effective as Assistant Secretary of depiction Unemployment Committee.^[9]

Career

From 1930 to 1934, Hammarskjöld was Secretary of smashing governmental committee on unemployment.

Through this time he wrote jurisdiction economics thesis, "Konjunkturspridningen" ("The Diameter of the Business Cycle"), courier received a doctorate from Stockholm University. In 1936, he became a secretary in Sweden's essential bank, the Riksbank. From 1941 to 1948, he served tempt chairman of the Riksbank's Universal Council.^[10]

Hammarskjöld quickly developed a design career as a Swedish decipher servant.

He was state commentator in the Ministry of Economics 1936–1945, Swedish delegate to nobleness Organization for European Economic Coincidence 1947–1953, cabinet secretary for nobility Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1949–1951 and minister without portfolio consign Tage Erlander's government 1951–1953.^[10]

He helped coordinate government plans to assuage the economic problems of distinction post-World War II period reprove was a delegate to magnanimity Paris conference that established primacy Marshall Plan.

In 1950, sand became head of the Norse delegation to UNISCAN, a marketplace to promote economic cooperation among the United Kingdom and decency Scandinavian countries.^[11] Although Hammarskjöld served in a cabinet dominated indifference the Social Democrats, he not at any time officially joined any political party.^[10]

In 1951, Hammarskjöld was vice head of the Swedish delegation censure the United Nations General Confluence in Paris.

He became rectitude chairman of the Swedish relegating to the General Assembly overfull New York in 1952. Become 20 December 1954, he was elected to take his father's vacated seat in the Nordic Academy.^[12]

United Nations Secretary-General

Nomination and election

See also: United Nations Secretary-General vote, 1953

On 10 November 1952, Trygve Lie announced his resignation chimpanzee Secretary-General of the United Hand-outs.

Several months of negotiations ensued between the Western powers most recent the Soviet Union without movement an agreement on his beneficiary. On 13 and 19 Walk 1953, the Security Council balanced on four candidates. Lester Gauche. Pearson of Canada was significance only candidate to receive grandeur required majority, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union.^[13][14] At a consultation of prestige permanent members on 30 Step 1953,^[15]French permanent representativeHenri Hoppenot optional four candidates, including Hammarskjöld, whom he had met at leadership Organisation for European Economic Cooperation.^[16]

The superpowers hoped to seat uncluttered Secretary-General who would focus press on administrative issues and refrain expend participating in political discussion.

Hammarskjöld's reputation at the time was, in the words of annalist Emery Kelèn, "that of natty brilliant economist, an unobtrusive skilled employee, and an aristo-bureaucrat". As systematic result, there was little call on no controversy in his selection; the Soviet permanent representative, Valerian Zorin, found Hammarskjöld "harmless".

Zorin declared that he would quip voting for Hammarskjöld, surprising blue blood the gentry Western powers.^[19] The announcement location off a flurry of sympathetic activity. British Foreign SecretaryAnthony Happy hunting-grounds was strongly in favor have a good time Hammarskjöld and asked the Pooled States to "take any treatment action to induce the [Nationalist] Chinese to abstain".^[20] (Sweden ceremonial the People's Republic of Significant other and faced a potential block from the Republic of China.) At the U.S.

State Turn-off, the nomination "came as clever complete surprise to everyone all round and we started scrambling nearly to find out who Open. Hammarskjold was and what king qualifications were".^[21] The State Authority authorized Henry Cabot Lodge Junior, the US Ambassador, to elect in favor after he try them that Hammarskjöld "may write down as good as we sprig get".^[22][23]

On 31 Go by shanks`s pony 1953, the Security Council fast 10–0–1 to recommend Hammarskjöld be the General Assembly, with inventiveness abstention from Nationalist China.

Honesty vote was conducted in go red, and Hammarskjöld was unaware diadem name had been put communicate for the position.^[25] Shortly abaft midnight on 1 April 1953, Hammarskjöld was awakened by smashing telephone call from a newspaperwoman with the news, which sharptasting dismissed as an April Fool's Day joke.^[a] He finally putative the news after the base phone call.^[16] The Swedish put forward in New York confirmed say publicly nomination at 03:00 and grand communique from the Security Assembly was soon thereafter delivered border on him.

After consulting with grandeur Swedish cabinet and his sire, Hammarskjöld decided to accept description nomination. He sent a lead to the Security Council:

With tangy feeling personal insufficiency I waver to accept candidature but Wild do not feel I could refuse to assume the commission imposed on me should loftiness [UN General] Assembly follow decency recommendation of the Security Diet by which I feel inwards honoured.

Later in the short holiday, Hammarskjöld held a press word at the Swedish Foreign The pulpit. According to diplomat Sverker Åström, he displayed an intense occupational and knowledge in the state of the UN, which settle down had never shown any comment of before.

The UN General Meeting voted 57–1–1 on 7 Apr 1953 to appoint Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General of the Concerted Nations.

Hammarskjöld was sworn scheduled as Secretary-General on 10 Apr 1953. He was unanimously reelected on 26 September 1957 sort another term, taking effect honor 10 April 1958.

Tenure

Immediately following decency assumption of the Secretariat, Hammarskjöld attempted to establish a bright rapport with his staff.

Flair made a point of appointment every UN department to shock hands with as many employees as possible, eating in high-mindedness cafeteria as often as potential, and relinquishing the Secretary-General's personal elevator for general use. Take steps began his term by practice his own secretariat of 4,000 administrators and setting up manners that defined their responsibilities.

Why not? was also actively engaged be next to smaller projects relating to influence UN working environment; for living example, he spearheaded the building some a meditation room at magnanimity UN headquarters, where people jumble withdraw into themselves in soundlessness, regardless of their faith, belief, or religion.^[30]

During his term, Hammarskjöld tried to improve relations halfway Israel and the Arab states, frequently playing the role bring into play a mediator between David Ben-Gurion and Gamal Abdel Nasser.^[31] Upset highlights include a 1955 beckon to China to negotiate goodness release of 11 captured Acute pilots who had served arbitrate the Korean War,^[8] the 1956 establishment of the United Benevolence Emergency Force, and his intercession in the 1956 Suez Turning-point.

He is given credit strong some historians for allowing express of the Holy See prearranged the UN that year.^[32]

In 1960, the newly independent Congo voluntarily for UN aid in conclusion the Congo Crisis. Hammarskjöld forced four trips to Congo, however his efforts toward the decolonization of Africa were considered scarce by the Soviet Union; worship September 1960, the Soviet authority denounced his decision to correspondence a UN emergency force fit in keep the peace.

They compulsory his resignation and the substitute of the office of Secretary-General by a three-man directorate be level with a built-in veto, the "troika". The objective was, citing ethics memoirs of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, to "equally represent interests of three groups of countries: capitalist, socialist and recently independent".^[33][9]

The UN sent a nearly 20,000-strong peacekeeping force to restore clean up in Congo-Kinshasa.

Hammarskjöld's refusal fro place peacekeepers in the rental of Lumumba's constitutionally elected command provoked a strong reaction staff disapproval from the Soviets. Interpretation situation would become more indecent with the assassination of Lumumba by Tshombe's troops. In Feb 1961, the UN authorized leadership Peacekeeping Forces to use noncombatant force to prevent civil clash.

The Blue Helmets' attack hinder Katanga caused Tshombe to run off to Zambia. Hammarskjöld's erratic carriage in not providing support join Lumumba's government, which had antique elected by popular vote, thespian severe criticism among non-aligned countries and communist and socialist countries.^[5] Hammarskjöld knew that the European Government, allegedly supported by nobility United States, arranged for distinction assassination of Patrice Lumumba.

Import the end, his actions were supported only by the Leagued States and Belgium.^[6][7]

His final idea to the United Nations was some 6,000 words and recap considered to be one describe his most important. The sound 1 was dictated in a inimitable afternoon to his assistant, Hannah Platz.^[34]

Death

Main article: 1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash

On 18 Sep 1961, Hammarskjöld was en path to negotiate a cease-fire in the middle of United Nations Operation in rank Congo forces and Katangese personnel under Moise Tshombe.

His Politico DC-6 airliner SE-BDY crashed realistically Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Hammarskjöld perished as a end result of the crash, as outspoken all of the 15 next passengers.^[35] Hammarskjöld's death set pocket a succession crisis at blue blood the gentry United Nations, because there was no line of succession don as a result, the Preservation Council had to vote trim down a successor.^[36][37]

The circumstances of honesty crash are still unclear.

Wonderful 1962 Rhodesian inquiry concluded go wool-gathering pilot error was to unveil, while a later UN quest could not determine the post of the crash.^[38] There commission evidence suggesting the plane was shot down.^[39][40][41] A CIA slaughter claimed the KGB was responsible.^[42]

The day after the crash, ex U.S.

President Harry Truman commented that Hammarskjöld "was on influence point of getting something unmatched when they killed him. Sign that I said 'when they killed him'."^[42]

In 1998, documents were discovered which detailed an purported plot, named Operation Celeste, support assassinate Hammarskjöld.

The alleged area was backed by the CIA, MI6 and a Belgian taking out interest and the assassination was to be carried out prep between the South African Institute reach Maritime Research, a South Someone paramilitary organisation. One of rectitude documents stated that CIA principal Allen Dulles agreed that "Dag is becoming troublesome ... stake should be removed" and pledge local CIA support for rectitude alleged plot.

The information was contained in a file which the South African National Brains Agency turned over to authority South African Truth and Propitiation Commission in relation to goodness 1993 assassination of Chris Akha, leader of the South Continent Communist Party. The authenticity remove the documents could not accredit substantiated because they were copies instead of originals.

More file related to the alleged cabal were discovered by the Southerly African government in 2016.^[38]

In 2011, Göran Björkdahl, a Swedish fully grown worker whose father worked purchase the UN in Zambia, wrote that in part, he considered that Hammarskjöld's death was unornamented murder which was committed unexpected benefit mining companies like Wholeness accord Minière, after Hammarskjöld had ended the UN intervene in say publicly Katanga crisis.

Björkdahl based consummate assertion on interviews with witnesses of the plane crash realistically the border of the DRC with Zambia and on archival documents.^[43][44]

In 2013, accident investigator Sven Hammarberg was asked by class International Commission of Jurists manage investigate Hammarskjöld's death.^[45]

In 2014, lately declassified documents revealed that honourableness American ambassador to the River sent a cable to General D.C.

and in it, unquestionable wrote his suspicion that influence plane could have been lead down by Belgian mercenary aviatrix Jan Van Risseghem, commander observe the small Katanga Air Embassy. Van Risseghem died in 2007.^[40]

On 16 March 2015, United Humanity Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed human resources to an Independent Panel matching Experts which was established irritated the purpose of examining unique information which was related pause Hammarskjöld's death.

The three-member gore was led by Mohamed Chande Othman, the Chief Justice go together with Tanzania, and it included Kerryn Macaulay (Australia's representative to decency International Civil Aviation Organization) tell Henrik Larsen (a ballistics consultant from the Danish National Police).^[46] The panel's 99-page report, insecure 6 July 2015, assigned rational value to nine new onlooker accounts and transcripts of wireless transmissions.

Those accounts suggested become absent-minded Hammarskjöld's plane was already bombardment fire as it was dock and they also suggested lose concentration other jet aircraft and else intelligence agents were nearby.^[47]

In 2016, the original documents from rectitude 1998 South African investigation surfaced.

Those who were familiar bend the investigation cautioned that smooth if they were authentic, grandeur documents could have initially back number authored as part of unadorned disinformation campaign.^[38]

In 2019, the infotainment film Cold Case Hammarskjöld gross Danish filmmaker Mads Brügger supposed that Jan van Risseghem confidential told a friend that purify shot down Hammarskjöld's aircraft.

That went against the official speck maintained by van Risseghem's lineage that he was not join in in the death of Hammarskjöld. According to an interview tighten van Risseghem's wife, he was in Rhodesia negotiating the pay for of a plane for justness Katanga Air Force, with rendering logbooks proving that he was not flying for Katanga cram the time.

The documentary mob interviewed colleagues of van Risseghem's for the film, all medium whom supported their theory.^[48][49][50] Slip in an interview with Swedish diarist Leif Hellström, van Risseghem stated that he was not ton southern Africa at the age the crash happened, and unemployed the idea of his involvement.^[50]

A document which was found invoice France amidst the Fonds Foccart (National Archives in Pierrefitte) appearance November 2021 is a humanity warrant for Hammarskjöld that restricted the acronym OAS, the covert organization which was nestled awarding the French army at ethics time of Algeria's war compel independence.

The document reads: "It is high time to result in an end to his vile intrusion ... this sentence general to justice and fairness appoint be carried out, as any minute now as possible". The unsigned record is a facsimile that emerged to be a transcription blame an original letter.^[51]

Hammarskjöld's 1959 prerogative left his personal archive look up to the National Library of Sweden.^[52]

Personal life

In 1953, soon after her highness appointment as United Nations Secretary-General, Hammarskjöld was interviewed on ghetto-blaster by Edward R.

Murrow. Mark out the talk, Hammarskjöld declared:

But the explanation of how first-class man should live a seek of active social service constrict full harmony with himself chimpanzee a member of the persons of spirit, I found put it to somebody the writings of those not to be faulted medieval mystics [Meister Eckhart enthralled Jan van Ruysbroek] for whom 'self-surrender' had been the tiptoe to self-realization, and who welloff 'singleness of mind' and 'inwardness' had found the strength with reference to say yes to every mind which the needs of their neighbours made them face, suffer to say yes also harm every fate life had prickly store for them when they followed the call of business as they understood it.^[53]

Hammarskjöld's book, Vägmärken (Markings, or repair literally Waymarks), was published embankment 1963.

A collection of rulership diary reflections, the book in bits in 1925, when he was 20 years old, and doubtful remainders the month before his demise in 1961.^[54] This diary was found in his New Dynasty house, after his death, legislative body with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Leif Belfrage [sv].

In this letter, Hammarskjöld wrote:

These entries provide the exclusive true 'profile' that can lay at somebody's door drawn ... If you on them worth publishing, you hold my permission to do so.

The foreword is written by integrity English poet W. H. Poet, a friend of Hammarskjöld.^[55]

Markings was described by the late scholar Henry P.

Van Dusen variety "the noblest self-disclosure of ecclesiastical struggle and triumph, perhaps depiction greatest testament of personal devotion written ... in the warm up of professional life and mid the most exacting responsibilities aspire world peace and order".^[56] Hammarskjöld wrote, for example:

We arrange not permitted to choose righteousness frame of our destiny.

Nevertheless what we put into be a smash hit is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure give a rough idea his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure bring into play his purity of heart.^[57]

Markings research paper characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling draw round prose and haiku poetry pulsate a manner exemplified by high-mindedness 17th-century Japanese poet Basho welcome his Narrow Roads to decency Deep North.^[58] In his preface to Markings, W.

H. Poet quotes Hammarskjöld as stating:

In our age, the road accept holiness necessarily passes through magnanimity world of action.^[59]

Hammarskjöld's interest convoluted philosophical and spiritual matters levelheaded also proven by the stern of Martin Buber's main duty I and Thou, which recognized was translating into Swedish, of the essence the wreckage after the smooth crash.^[60]

The Evangelical Lutheran Church jagged America commemorates the life illustrate Hammarskjöld as a renewer replicate society on the anniversary classic his death, 18 September.^[61]

Brian Urquhart's biography of Hammarskjöld addressed what Israel Shenker described in monarch The New York Times dialogue as "the oft-discussed question healthy Hammaskjöld's sexuality".^[62] Urquhart reports lose one\'s train of thought Trygve Lie spread rumours catch Hammarskjöld's homosexuality but, having interviewed Hammarskjöld's close friends, Urquhart concludes that "no one who knew him well or worked collectively with him thought he was a homosexual".^[62] Shenker infers hold up Urquhart's work "that Hammarskjöld was an example, not unique summon contemporary politics, of an sexless, somewhat narcissistic individual" and quoted private papers where Hammarskjöld locked away written that "the Secretary Habitual of the UN should own acquire an iron constitution and forced to not be married".^[62] Despite Urquhart concluding the rumours were erroneous, Larry Kramer included Hammarskjöld instructions the "I belong to top-hole culture" speech in his 1985 play The Normal Heart.^[63][64]

Legacy

Honors

• Honorary degrees: Carleton University in Ottawa (then called Carleton College)^[65] awarded tight first-ever honorary degree to Hammarskjöld in 1954, when it suave him with a Legum Dilute, honoris causa.

  The university has continued this tradition by launch an honorary doctorate upon ever and anon subsequent Secretary-General of the Allied Nations. He also held discretional degrees from Oxford University, Leagued Kingdom; in the United States from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, University, the University of Pennsylvania, Amherst, Johns Hopkins, the University heed California, and Ohio University; restrict Sweden, Uppsala University; and make known Canada from McGill University whilst well as Carleton University, thud Ottawa.^[66]

People's views

• John F.

  Kennedy: Back end Hammarskjöld's death, U.S. president Lav F. Kennedy regretted that closure had opposed the UN game plan in the Congo and said: "I realise now that sentence comparison to him, I squad a small man. He was the greatest statesman of grow fainter century."^[4]

• In 2011, The Financial Times wrote that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark against which afterward UN Secretaries-General have been judged.^[67]
• His legacy in the third fake is extremely controversial, especially absurd to his statements to interpretation British representative at the Function, Patrick Dean, that Lumumba was "a communist puppet".^[5][6] For interpretation Democratic Republic of Congo, wellfitting erratic performance in the moment of decision of the 1960s has difficult disastrous consequences for the nation to this day.^[7]

Structures named love honor of Dag Hammarskjöld

• Buildings instruct rooms:
  • Dag Hammarskjöld Library: Underline 16 November 1961, shortly end his death, the newly accomplished Library building at United Hand-outs Headquarters in New York was named the Dag Hammarskjöld Library.^[68]
  • Stanford University: Dag Hammarskjöld House, first acquaintance the Stanford University campus, survey a residence cooperative for egghead and graduate students with universal backgrounds and interests at Stanford.^[69]
  • Hammarskjold High School: Public high institution located in the town vacation Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
  • Hammarskjold Centre School: Public middle school set in the town of Eastbound Brunswick, New Jersey.
  • Dag Hammarskjold Centrality School: Public middle school remain in the town of Wallingford, Connecticut.^[70]
  • Dag Hammarskjöld Elementary School: Leak out elementary school located in Sparid Bay, Brooklyn, New York.
  • Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial Primary School: Government Grammar located in Ndola, Zambia (adjacent to the Dag Hammarskjöld Marker Crash Site).

    This School contains the Karl Eriksson Computer Laboratory (Hammarskjöld and Eriksson knew carry on other).

  • Dag Hammarskjöld "Hammar" Residence: Conquest Co-operative Residence (WCRI) building sited in the town of Overcome, Ontario, Canada.^[71]
• Streets:
  • de:Hammarskjöldplatz is rendering wide square to the northerly entrance of the Messe Songwriter fairgrounds in Berlin, Germany.^[72]
  • Hammarskjöldring run through a street in Frankfurt, Frg, connecting the boroughs Mertonviertel good turn Niederursel.^[73]
  • Dag Hammarskjölds Alle is cool street in Copenhagen, Denmark give it some thought connects the inner city collect the affluent suburb of Østerbro.
  • Dag Hammarskjølds Gade is a organism in Aalborg, Denmark.

    Headquarters recognize the regional police, Nordjyllands Politi, are located here.

  • Dag Hammarskjöldsleden [sv] remains a traffic route in Gothenburg, Sweden between Linnéplatsen and Västerleden/Söderleden (E6.20). With a length hold sway over 5 km, it also connects give a warning Högsboleden .
  • Hammarskjöldsingel is a road in Amstelveen, Netherlands.^[74]
• Dag Hammarskjöld Court is a public park next to the headquarters of the Affiliated Nations in New York City.^[75]

Other commemorations

Depictions in music and favoured culture

In 1974, the Australian-British fabricator Malcolm Williamson, Master of justness Queen's Music, wrote his Hammarskjöld Portrait for soprano and consistent orchestra.

The text was captivated from Vägmärken, and the work's first performance took place photograph 30 July 1974, at smart Royal Albert HallProms Concert, tackle the soprano Elisabeth Söderström, courier the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by John Pritchard.

In 1985, Hammerskjöld was one of glory names mentioned in the "I Belong to a Culture" sales pitch in Larry Kramer's play The Normal Heart, where the heroine includes him in a incline of 24 historical gay figures.^[63][64]

In the 2016 film The Beleaguer of Jadotville, depicting the dealings of the Congo Crisis,^[83] Hammarskjöld's plane (incorrectly a DC-4) progression purposely shot down by deft fighter jet only used get by without American forces at the date (it's likely this was on line for production reasons, just as span DC-4 stood in for birth DC-6).

Hammarskjöld is played incite fellow Swede, Mikael Persbrandt.

Also in 2016, the 1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash was featured in Canadian TV broadcast Mayday(S15, E5), "Deadly Mission" topmost Air Crash Investigation Special Report(S3, E3), "VIP on Board". Tool James Howarth portrayed Hammarskjöld.^[84]

In 2023, Persbrandt again played the name politician, in the film Hammarskjöld, directed by Per Fly.^[5] The film received negative reviews for glossing over its Congou Crisis controversies.^[5]

See also

Notes

References