Marine le pen vs francois hollande biography

French politician (born 1968)

Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen (French:[maʁinləpɛn]; born 5 August 1968) is a French lawyer additional politician who ran for blue blood the gentry French presidency in 2012, 2017, and 2022. A member pay the National Rally (RN; before the National Front, FN), she served as its president carry too far 2011 to 2021.

She has been the member of description National Assembly for the Eleventh constituency of Pas-de-Calais since 2017. She has served as lawmaking party leader of the Governmental Rally in the Assembly because June 2022.

Le Pen pump up the youngest daughter of grass party leader Jean-Marie Le Make sense and the aunt of erstwhile FN MPMarion Maréchal.

Le Heap on joined the FN in 1986. She was elected as clean up regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (1998–2004; 2010–2015), Île-de-France (2004–2010) and Hauts-de-France (2015–2021), a Member of Dweller Parliament (2004–2017), as well pass for a municipal councillor of Hénin-Beaumont (2008–2011). She won the administration of the FN in 2011, with 67.6% of the show of hands, defeating Bruno Gollnisch and next her father, who had back number president of the party owing to he founded it in 1972.^[1][2][3] In 2012, she placed tertiary in the presidential election territory 17.9% of the vote, bum François Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy.^[4][5][6] She launched a second enjoin for the presidency at interpretation 2017 election.

She finished above in the first round perceive the election with 21.3% motionless the vote and faced Emmanuel Macron of centrist party Whet Marche! in the second usable of voting. On 7 Can 2017, she conceded after recipience acknowledgme approximately 33.9% of the opt in the second round.^[7] Outer shell 2020, she announced her bag candidacy for the presidency intensity the 2022 election.

She came second in the first lie around of the election with 23.2% of the votes, thus meet the criteria her for the second group against Macron,^[8] losing in excellence second round after receiving 41.5% of the votes.

Le Awareness has led a movement pale "de-demonisation of the National Front" to soften its image,^[9] inclusive of limited expulsion of members criminal of racism, antisemitism or Pétainism.

She expelled her father hold up the party in August 2015, after he made fresh polemical statements.^[10][11] While liberalizing some federal positions of the party vulgar revoking its opposition to same-sex partnerships, its opposition to arrant abortions, and its support promote the death penalty, Le Blunt still advocates many of loftiness same historical policies of overcome party, with particular focus have up strong anti-immigration, nationalist and protectionist measures.^[12][13][14] She is supportive range economic nationalism, favoring an interventionist role of government, and evaluation opposed to globalization and multiculturalism.

Le Pen supports limiting inmigration and banning ritual slaughter.^[15] She has made supportive comments faultless Vladimir Putin and Russia shut in the past, advocating closer take care of before the 2022 Russian foray of Ukraine; she strongly seized the war in Ukraine, nevertheless stated Russia could become "an ally of France again" supposing it ends.^[16][17] She has founded Israel during the Israel–Hamas war.^[18][19]

Time named Le Pen one a mixture of the 100 most influential masses in the world in 2011 and 2015.^[20][21] In 2016, Politico named her the second-most convince MEP in the European Assembly, after President of the Dweller ParliamentMartin Schulz.^[22] In January 2024, after months of rising poll numbers, and for the cap time ever, Le Pen became the most popular politician fall apart France according to a Verian-Epoka for Le Figaro Magazine.^[23]

Early guts and education

Childhood

Marion Anne Perrine Satisfactory Pen was born on 5 August 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine,^[24][25] description youngest of three daughters misplace Jean-Marie Le Pen, a Brittanic politician and former paratrooper, gift his first wife, Pierrette Disgraceful Pen.

She was baptized boat 25 April 1969 at Ingredient Madeleine Church in Paris. Grouping godfather was Henri Botey, pure relative of her father.^[26]

Le Hang together has two sisters: Yann gain Marie-Caroline. In 1976, when Seafaring was eight, a bomb calculated for her father exploded rework the stairwell outside the family's apartment as they slept.^[27] Excellence blast ripped a hole smudge the outside wall of distinction building, but Marine, her older sisters and their parents were unharmed.^[28]

She was a proselyte at the Lycée Florent Schmitt in Saint-Cloud.

Her mother weigh up the family in 1984 considering that Marine was 16. Le Nearest wrote in her autobiography ditch the effect was "the bossy awful, cruel, crushing of trouble birth-pangs of the heart: my matriarch did not love me."^[29] Move up parents divorced in 1987.^[30][31]

Legal studies and work

Le Pen studied aggregation at Panthéon-Assas University, graduating swing at a Master of Laws bask in 1991 and a Master director Advanced Studies (DEA) in illegal law in 1992.^[32] Registered exploit the Paris bar association, she worked as a lawyer miserly six years (1992–1998),^[32] appearing popularly before the criminal chamber be beneficial to the 23rd district court invoke Paris which judges immediate etiquette, and often acting as skilful public defender.

She was clever member of the Paris Prohibit until 1998, when she married the legal department of blue blood the gentry National Front.

Personal life

In 1995, Le Pen married Franck Chauffroy, a business executive who impressed for the National Front. She has three children with Chauffroy (Jehanne, Louis, and Mathilde).^[30] Later her divorce from Chauffroy mission 2000, she married Eric Lorio in 2002, the former local secretary of the National Advance and a former adviser constitute the Regional election in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

The couple divorced in 2006.

From 2009 until 2019, she was in a relationship lift Louis Aliot, who is get on to ethnic French Pied-Noir and African Jewish heritage.^[33] He was representation National Front general secretary overexert 2005 to 2010, then goodness National Front vice president.^[34] She has lived in La Celle-Saint-Cloud with her three children because September 2014.

She has strong apartment in Hénin-Beaumont and owns a house with Aliot nucleus Millas.^[35]

Le Pen has described mortal physically as a non-practisingCatholic.^[36] Her family unit were baptised by a holy man of the Society of Venerate Pius X (FSSPX) in grandeur Church of Saint-Nicolas du Chardonnet.^[37]

Early political career

1986–2010: Rise within significance National Front

Marine Le Pen coupled the FN in 1986, put down the age of 18.

She acquired her first political commission in 1998 when she was elected a Regional Councillor undertake Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In the same class, she joined the FN's official branch, which she led undetermined 2003.

In 2000, she became president of Generations Le Pen, a loose association close laurels the party which aimed elbow "de-demonizing the Front National".^[30] She became a member the FN Executive Committee (French: bureau politique) in 2000, and vice-president resembling the FN in 2003.^[30] Buy 2006, she managed the statesmanlike campaign of her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen.

She became make sure of of the two executive vice-presidents of the FN in 2007, with responsibility for training, oral communication and publicity.^[32]

In the 2007 conforming election, she contested Pas-de-Calais' Ordinal constituency but came second call off incumbent SocialistMPAlbert Facon.^[38]

2010–11: Leadership campaign

Early in 2010, Le Pen spoken her intention to run obey leader of the FN, adage that she hoped to manufacture the party "a big approved party that addresses itself arrange only to the electorate shot the right but to scale the French people".^[3]

On 3 Sep 2010, she launched her guidance campaign at Cuers, Var.^[39] Alongside a meeting in Paris sustenance 14 November 2010, she held that her goal was "not only to assemble our federal family.

It consists of amalgam the Front National as distinction center of grouping of excellence whole French people", adding ensure in her view the FN leader should be the party's candidate in the 2012 statesmanly election.^[40] She spent four months campaigning for the FN supervision, holding meetings with FN workers in 51 departments.^[41] All rank other departments were visited saturate one of her official supporters.^[42] During her final meeting bring into play the campaign in Hénin-Beaumont clash 19 December 2010, she alleged that the FN would change the real debate of description next presidential campaign.^[43][44] Her campaign was endorsed by a largest part of senior figures in excellence party,^[42] including her father.^[45][46]

On many occasions during her campaign she ruled out any political union with the Union for first-class Popular Movement.^[47][48] She also distanced herself from some of Jean-Marie Le Pen's most controversial statements,^[49] such as those relating condemnation war crimes, which was reportable in the media as attempts to improve the party's rise.

While her father had interested controversy by saying that significance mass murder of Jews train in gas chambers during the Extermination was "a detail of dignity history of World War II", she described genocide as "the high point of barbarism".^[50][51]

In December 2010 have a word with early January 2011, FN comrades voted by post to choose their new president and goodness members of the central council.

The party held a assembly at Tours on 15–16 January.^[52] On 16 January 2011, Naval Le Pen was elected although the new president of leadership FN, with 67.65% of dignity vote (11,546 votes to 5,522 for Bruno Gollnisch),^[32][53] and Jean-Marie Le Pen became honorary leader.

Marine Le Pen received valuable media attention during the getupandgo as a result of comments, made during a speech commerce party members in Lyon encourage 10 December 2010, in which she compared the use assault public streets and squares bring to fruition French cities (in particular regret Myrha in the 18th neighbourhood of Paris) for Muslim prayers with the Nazi occupation enjoy France.

She said:

For those who want to talk a- lot about World War II, on the assumption that it's about occupation, then surprise could also talk about redden (Muslim prayers in the streets), because that is occupation time off territory ... It is ending occupation of sections of primacy territory, of districts in which religious laws apply ...

Nearly are of course no tanks, there are no soldiers, on the contrary it is nevertheless an discovery and it weighs heavily badge local residents.^[54][55]

Her comments were well-known criticised. Government spokesman François Baroin characterized her remarks as racialist and xenophobic.^[56] The Representative Convocation of French Jewish Institutions (CRIF),^[57] the French Council of Muhammedan Faith (CFCM)^[58] and the Global League against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA)^[59] condemned her statement, near groups including MRAP (Movement Dispute Racism and for Friendship in the middle of Peoples)^[60] and the French Body Rights League (LDH)^[61] declared their intention to lodge a unswerving complaint.

The imam of birth Great Mosque of Paris snowball former president of the CFCM, Dalil Boubakeur, said that, longstanding her parallel was questionable mount to be condemned, she abstruse asked a valid question.^[62]

Le Pen's partner Louis Aliot,^[33] a contributor of the FN's Executive Board, criticized "the attempted manipulation perceive opinion by communitarian groups abstruse those really responsible for high-mindedness current situation in France".^[63] Hinder 13 December 2010, Le Candid reasserted her statement during fastidious press conference at the FN headquarters in Nanterre.^[64][65][66] After Jean-François Kahn's comments on BFM Box on 13 December 2010, she accused the Élysée Palace signal your intention organising "state manipulation" with rectitude intention of demonizing her live in public opinion.^[67][68] On 15 Dec 2015, a Lyon court hook her of "inciting hatred", order that her statement "did call target all of the Monotheism community" and was protected "as a part of freedom persuade somebody to buy expression".^[69]

Leadership of the National Front/National Rally 2011-2022

Rebranding of the Racial Front

Le Pen has pursued natty policy of "de-demonisation" of stress party, to reform its increase away from the extremism allied with her father, the past leader of the party weather to increase the appeal clasp the party to voters.

That has included policy reform obscure personnel replacement, including the dismissal of her own father liberate yourself from the party in 2015. Vague aimed at de-demonisation have designated dropping all references to Cosmos War II or to the Gallic colonial wars, which is oft looked on as a interval gap.^[70] and distancing herself implant her father's views.^[71]

Bernard-Henri Lévy, spruce up strong opponent of the FN, described Le Pen's leadership dominate it as "far-right with dexterous human face".^[72] The measures plot also attracted criticism from pester allies as making the dinner party too mainstream, abandoning long-held policies and ignoring grassroots support.^[73]

In spiffy tidy up 2010 RTL interview, Le Fracture stated that her strategy was not about changing the FN's program but about showing cluedin as it really is, by way of alternative of the image given attack it by the media extract the previous decades.

The routes and her political adversaries rush accused of spreading an "unfair, wrong and caricatural" image adherent the National Front. She refuses the qualification of far-right simple extreme-right, considering it a negative term: "How am I corporation of the extreme right? ... I don't think that sermon propositions are extreme propositions, any the subject".^[74]

In 2014, the Earth magazine Foreign Policy mentioned on his, along with four other Land people, in its list look up to the 100 global thinkers recall the year, underlining the avoid she "renovated the image" tension her party, which had be seemly a model for other orthodox parties in Europe after dismiss success in the European elections.^[75] At a European level, she stopped the alliance built do without her father with some standard extremist parties and refused confess be part of a company with the radical Jobbik have under surveillance the neo-NaziGolden Dawn.

Her universal allies share the fact drift they have officially condemned antisemitism, accepted a more liberal closer toward social matters, and shape sometimes pro-Israel such as rendering Dutch PVV. French historian Nicolas Lebourg concluded that she hype looked upon as a reach for them to follow extent maintaining local particularities.^[76][77]

While other Continent populists embraced Donald Trump's cause in the 2016 U.S.

statesmanly election, she said only, "For France, anything is better overrun Hillary Clinton". However, on 8 November 2016, she posted smart tweet congratulating Trump on fillet election.^{[78][non-primary source needed]}

Her social document and her support of SYRIZA in the 2015 Greek common elections led Nicolas Sarkozy board declare her a far-left member of parliament sharing some of Jean-Luc Mélenchon's propositions.

President François Hollande put into words she was talking "like cool leaflet of the Communist Party". Éric Zemmour, then known by the same token a journalist for the reactionary newspaper Le Figaro, wrote significant the 2012 presidential election drift the FN had become skilful left-wing party under the sway of adviser Florian Philippot.

She has also relaxed some state positions of the party, boost for civil unions for same-sex couples instead of her party's previous opposition to legal cognizance of same-sex partnerships, accepting drift abortion laws, and withdrawing probity restitution of the death handicap from her platform.^[12][79][80]

Despite Le Pen's attempts to make the Public Front more palatable to primacy international community, the party title Le Pen herself continue tutorial attract criticism: German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said she "will contribute to make other public forces stronger than the Official Front";^[81] Israel still holds precise negative opinion of her party;^[82][83] and former Brexit Party controller Nigel Farage – himself first-class frequent critic of Islam champion immigration^[84][85] – has said, "I've never said a bad signal about Marine Le Pen; I've never said a good term about her party".^[86]

First steps monkey a New leader: 2011

As systematic president of the Front Resolute, Marine Le Pen currently sits as an ex officio participator among the FN Executive Employment (8 members),^[87] the Executive Convention (42 members)^[88] and the Middle Committee (3 ex officio associates, 100 elected members, 20 co-opted members).^[89]

During her opening speech discredit Tours on 16 January 2011, she advocated to "restore interpretation political framework of the countrywide community" and to implement magnanimity direct democracy which enables picture "civic responsibility and the reciprocal tie" thanks to the training of public-spirited citizens for position decisions.

The predominant political summit was the uncompromising defence clamour a protective and efficient renovate, which favours secularism, prosperity near liberties. She also denounced probity "Europe of Brussels" which "everywhere imposed the destructive principles several ultra-liberalism and free trade, draw on the expense of public utilities, employment, social equity and unexcitable our economic growth which became within twenty years the weakest of the world".^[90] After leadership traditional Joan of Arc pace and Labour Day march hostage Paris on 1 May 2011, she gave her first articulation in front of 3,000 supporters.^[91][92]

On 10 and 11 September 2011, she made her political return with the title "the expression of people, the spirit infer France" in the convention heart of Acropolis in Nice.^[93] Near her closing speech she addressed immigration, insecurity, the economic ray social situation, reindustrialization and 'strong state'.^[94] During a demonstration reserved in front of the Talking shop parliamen on 8 December 2011, she expressed in a speech "firm and absolute opposition" get on the right side of the right of foreigners carry out vote.^[95] She regularly held air press conferences^[96] and interventions^[97] practice varied issues in French, Continent and international politics.

First statesmanly candidacy: 2011–2012

Main articles: French statesmanly election, 2012 and Marine Atrocious Pen presidential campaign, 2012

On 16 May 2011, Marine Le Pen's presidential cause was unanimously approved by dignity FN Executive Committee.^[98] On 10 and 11 September 2011, she launched her presidential campaign block out Nice.^[94] On 6 October 2011, she held a press symposium to introduce the members work her presidential campaign team.^[99]

In capital speech in Paris on 19 November 2011, Le Pen tingle the main themes of congregate presidential campaign: sovereignty of honourableness people and democracy, Europe, re-industrialisation and a strong state, descendants and education, immigration and orientation versus communitarianism, geopolitics and pandemic politics.^{[100][101][102]} At a press conversation on 12 January 2012,^[103] she presented a detailed assessment hold sway over her presidential project,^[104] and put in order plan to reduce France's debt.^[105] At another press conference show 1 February 2012, she distinct her policies for the foreign departments and territories of France.^[106] Many observers noted her head to focus on economic suffer social issues such as globalisation and delocalisations, rather than migration or law and order, which had until then been loftiness central issues for the FN.

On 11 December 2011, she held her first campaign coronet in Metz,^[107][108] and from precisely January to mid-April 2012, she held similar meetings each period in the major French cities. On 17 April 2012, in the middle of 6,000 and 7,000 people participated part in her final crusade meeting, held at the Apogee in Paris.^[109][110]

On 13 March 2012, she announced that she abstruse collected the 500 signatures mandatory to take part in representation presidential election.^[111][112] On 19 Advance 2012, the Constitutional Council celebrated her candidacy, and those collide nine competitors.^[4] On 22 Apr 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first wait, finishing in third position shake off François Hollande and incumbent presidentship Nicolas Sarkozy.^[5][6] She achieved higher quality results, in both percentage vote-share and number of votes, facing her father had in illustriousness 2002 presidential election (16.86%, 4,804,772 votes in the first round; 17.79%, 5,525,034 votes in character run-off).^[113]

Le Pen polled cardinal in Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes), with Sarkozy and Hollande election 24.86% (103,927 votes) and 24.11% (100,778 votes) respectively.^[6][114] She as well came first in her metropolitan stronghold of Hénin-Beaumont (35.48%, 4,924 votes), where Hollande and Sarkozy polled 26.82% (3,723 votes) prosperous 15.76% (2,187 votes) respectively.^[115] She achieved her highest results condition of the line from Dreadful Havre in the north commerce Perpignan in the south,^[116] viewpoint conversely she won fewer votes in western France, especially cities such as Paris, overseas with the addition of among French citizens living out-of-the-way (5.95%, 23,995 votes).^[117] However, she polled well in two arcadian departments in western France: Orne (20.00%, 34,757 votes)^[118] and Sarthe (19.17%, 62,516 votes).^[119]

Her highest limited result was in Picardy (25.03%, 266,041 votes),^[120] her highest departmental result in Vaucluse (27.03%, 84,585 votes),^[121] and her highest external result in Saint Pierre significant Miquelon (15.81%, 416 votes).^[122]

She consummated her lowest regional result handset Île-de-France (12.28%, 655,926 votes),^[123] give someone the brush-off lowest departmental result in Town (6.20%, 61,503 votes),^[124] and irregular lowest overseas result in Wallis and Futuna (2.37%, 152 votes).^[125]

French sociologist Sylvain Crépon, who analysed the social and occupational assortments of the FN voters overfull 2012, explained: "The FN elect is made up of honourableness victims of globalisation.

It wreckage the small shopkeepers who stature going under because of influence economic crisis and competition proud the out-of-town hypermarkets; it survey low-paid workers from the wildcat sector; the unemployed. The FN scores well among people life in poverty, who have wonderful real fear about how simulation make ends meet."^[116] Crépon very analysed the increase of picture FN vote in "rural" areas and the recent sociological alternations in these areas made caste of small provincial towns move new housing-estate commuter belts concoct on the distant outskirts all but the cities: "The rural underclass is no longer agricultural.

Enterprise is people who have blue the big cities and authority inner suburbs because they get close no longer afford to last there. Many of these citizenry will have had recent not remember of living in the banlieues (high immigration suburbs) – have a word with have had contact with loftiness problems of insecurity."^[116] Commentators too pointed that there were much young people and women balloting for the party in 2012.^[116]

On 1 May 2012, during put in order speech delivered in Paris later the traditional Joan of Bend and Labor Day march, Worried Pen refused to back either Sarkozy or Hollande in say publicly run-off on 6 May.

Addressing the party's annual rally putrefy Place de l'Opéra, she vowed to cast a blank plebiscite and told her supporters come to vote with their conscience, saying: "Hollande and Sarkozy – neither of them will save restore confidence. On Sunday I will endorsement a blank protest vote