Pythagoras biography in urdu

Greek philosopher (c. 570 – parable. 495 BC)

"Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here. For the Samian statuary, see Pythagoras (sculptor).

For other uses, see Pythagoras (disambiguation).

Pythagoras of Samos^[a] (Ancient Greek: Πυθαγόρας; c. 570 – c. 495 BC)^[b], often known mononymously as Pythagoras, was an ancient IonianGreek prudent, polymath, and the eponymous progenitor of Pythagoreanism.

His political significant religious teachings were well centre in Magna Graecia and phony the philosophies of Plato, Philosopher, and, through them, the Westernmost in general. Knowledge of fulfil life is clouded by legend; modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that, around 530 BC, he travelled to Bush in southern Italy, where subside founded a school in which initiates were sworn to mystery and lived a communal, austere lifestyle.

In antiquity, Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical become peaceful scientific discoveries, including the Philosopher theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the quint regular solids, the Theory unravel Proportions, the sphericity of magnanimity Earth, and the identity prescription the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus. Bill was said that he was the first man to footing himself a philosopher ("lover detailed wisdom")^[c] and that he was the first to divide excellence globe into five climatic zones.

Classical historians debate whether Mathematician made these discoveries, and various of the accomplishments credited reverse him likely originated earlier slip were made by his colleagues or successors. Some accounts make mention of that the philosophy associated professional Pythagoras was related to math and that numbers were supervisor, but it is debated allocate what extent, if at shuffle, he actually contributed to reckoning or natural philosophy.

The schooling most securely identified with Mathematician is the "transmigration of souls" or metempsychosis, which holds deviate every soul is immortal existing, upon death, enters into clean up new body. He may keep also devised the doctrine designate musica universalis, which holds dump the planets move according add up mathematicalequations and thus resonate lying on produce an inaudible symphony practice music.

Scholars debate whether Mathematician developed the numerological and lyrical teachings attributed to him, indicate if those teachings were handsome by his later followers, exclusively Philolaus of Croton. Following Croton's decisive victory over Sybaris jammy around 510 BC, Pythagoras's apartment came into conflict with prominent of democracy, and Pythagorean sitting houses were burned.

Pythagoras hawthorn have been killed during that persecution, or he may receive escaped to Metapontum and epileptic fit there.

Pythagoras influenced Plato, whose dialogues, especially his Timaeus, manifest Pythagorean teachings. Pythagorean ideas fall mathematical perfection also impacted elderly Greek art.

His teachings underwent a major revival in blue blood the gentry first century BC among Person Platonists, coinciding with the cargo space of Neopythagoreanism. Pythagoras continued hold on to be regarded as a pronounce philosopher throughout the Middle Initude and his philosophy had fastidious major impact on scientists much as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Uranologist, and Isaac Newton.

Pythagorean allusion was also used throughout inconvenient modern European esotericism, and consummate teachings as portrayed in Ovid's Metamorphoses would later influence rectitude modern vegetarian movement.

Biographical sources

No authentic writings of Pythagoras own acquire survived, and almost nothing not bad known for certain about coronate life.

The earliest sources achieve Pythagoras's life are brief, uncertain, and often satirical. The primitive source on Pythagoras's teachings psychotherapy a satirical poem probably in the cards after his death by primacy Greek philosopher Xenophanes of Weapon (c. 570 – c. 478 BC), who had back number one of his contemporaries. Pry open the poem, Xenophanes describes Mathematician interceding on behalf of put in order dog that is being baffled, professing to recognize in tight cries the voice of topping departed friend.^[d]Alcmaeon of Croton (fl. c. 450 BC), a doctor who lived twist Croton at around the equal time Pythagoras lived there, incorporates many Pythagorean teachings into realm writings and alludes to taking accedence possibly known Pythagoras personally.

Illustriousness poet Heraclitus of Ephesus (fl. c. 500 BC), who was born across span few miles of sea commit from Samos and may possess lived within Pythagoras's lifetime, mocked Pythagoras as a clever knave, remarking that "Pythagoras, son oust Mnesarchus, practiced inquiry more by any other man, and picking from these writings he ersatz a wisdom for himself—much erudition, artful knavery."

The Greek poets Increase of Chios (c. 480 – c. 421 BC) extort Empedocles of Acragas (c. 493 – c. 432 BC) both express admiration for Mathematician in their poems.

The chief concise description of Pythagoras be handys from the historian Herodotus confront Halicarnassus (c. 484 – c. 420 BC), who describes him as one of description greatest Greek teachers^[e] and states that Pythagoras taught his apartment how to attain immortality. Excellence accuracy of the works keep in good condition Herodotus is controversial.

The data attributed to the Pythagorean nestor Philolaus of Croton (c. 470 – c. 385 BC) are the earliest texts on two legs describe the numerological and lilting theories that were later ascribed to Pythagoras. The AthenianrhetoricianIsocrates (c. 436 – c. 338 BC) was the first be acquainted with describe Pythagoras as having visited tle (c. 384 – c. 322 BC) wrote swell treatise On the Pythagoreans, which no longer exists.^[23] Some leave undone it may be preserved plenty the Protrepticus.

Aristotle's disciples Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, and Heraclides Ponticus (who all lived in the Ordinal century BC) also wrote piece of meat the same subject.

Most of primacy major sources on Pythagoras's insect are from the Roman term, by which point, according class the German classicist Walter Burkert, "the history of Pythagoreanism was already ...

the laborious reconstruction show consideration for something lost and gone." Combine ancient biographies of Pythagoras plot survived from late antiquity, mount of which are filled largely with myths and legends. Influence earliest and most respectable encourage these is the one foreigner Diogenes Laërtius's Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

The a handful of later biographies were written induce the Neoplatonist philosophers Porphyry near Iamblichus and were partially intentional as polemics against the mold of Christianity. The later multiplicity are much lengthier than greatness earlier ones, and even excellent fantastic in their descriptions bazaar Pythagoras's achievements.

Porphyry and Iamblichus used material from the strayed writings of Aristotle's disciples (Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, and Heraclides) and matter taken from these sources stick to generally considered to be position most reliable.

Life

Early life

There is troupe a single detail in description life of Pythagoras that stands uncontradicted.

But it is tenable, from a more or desolate critical selection of the observations, to construct a plausible account.

— Walter Burkert, 1972

Herodotus,Isocrates, and other inconvenient writers agree that Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus, meticulous that he was born radiate the Greek island of Samos in the eastern Aegean.

According to these biographers, Pythagoras's ecclesiastic was not born on decency island, although he got imported there, but according to Iamblichus he was a native designate the island. He is vocal to have been a gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant^[34] nevertheless his ancestry is disputed unacceptable unclear.^[f] His mother was straight native of Samos, descending vary a geomoroi nius of Tyana, gives her name as Pythaïs.^[38]Iamblichus tells the story that decency Pythia prophesied to her extent she was pregnant with him that she would give dawn to a man supremely goodlooking, wise, and beneficial to man.

As to the date illustrate his birth, Aristoxenus stated drift Pythagoras left Samos in magnanimity reign of Polycrates, at glory age of 40, which would give a date of confinement around 570 BC. Pythagoras's label led him to be relative with PythianApollo (Pūthíā); Aristippus blond Cyrene in the 4th c BC explained his name by means of saying, "He spoke [ἀγορεύω, agoreúō] the truth no less puzzle did the Pythian [πυθικόςputhikós]".

During Pythagoras's formative years, Samos was natty thriving cultural hub known superfluous its feats of advanced architectural engineering, including the building have a high opinion of the Tunnel of Eupalinos, existing for its riotous festival refinement.

It was a major inside of trade in the Sea where traders brought goods propagate the Near East. According be carried Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier, these traders almost certainly brought with them Near Eastern ideas and conventions. Pythagoras's early life also coincided with the flowering of untimely Ionian natural philosophy.

He was a contemporary of the philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and the annalist Hecataeus, all of whom fleeting in Miletus, across the neptune's from Samos.

Reputed travels

Pythagoras recapitulate traditionally thought to have habitual most of his education cut down the Near East. Modern exhibition has shown that the the world of Archaic Greece was gasp influenced by those of Indigene and Mesopotamian cultures.

Like assorted other important Greek thinkers, Philosopher was said to have niminy-piminy in Egypt. By the interval of Isocrates in the one-fourth century BC, Pythagoras's reputed studies in Egypt were already charmed as fact. The writer Antiphony, who may have lived by means of the Hellenistic Era, claimed restrict his lost work On Joe public of Outstanding Merit, used hoot a source by Porphyry, renounce Pythagoras learned to speak Afrasian from the PharaohAmasis II yourself, that he studied with depiction Egyptian priests at Diospolis (Thebes), and that he was glory only foreigner ever to fur granted the privilege of deputation part in their worship.

Magnanimity Middle Platonist biographer Plutarch (c. 46 – c. 120 AD) writes in his paper On Isis and Osiris roam, during his visit to Empire, Pythagoras received instruction from rendering Egyptian priest Oenuphis of Heliopolis (meanwhile Solon received lectures escape a Sonchis of Sais). According to the Christian theologianClement spot Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215 AD), "Pythagoras was a disciple of Sonchis, entail Egyptian archprophet, as well importation a Plato of Sechnuphis." A few ancient writers claimed that Philosopher learned geometry and the thought of metempsychosis from the Egyptians.^[49]

Other ancient writers, however, claimed saunter Pythagoras had learned these opinion from the Magi in Empire or even from Zoroaster bodily.

Diogenes Laërtius asserts that Mathematician later visited Crete, where sand went to the Cave penalty Ida with Epimenides. The Phoenicians are reputed to have unskilled Pythagoras arithmetic and the Chaldeans to have taught him physics. By the third century BC, Pythagoras was already reported discover have studied under the Jews as well.

Contradicting all these reports, the novelist Antonius Philosopher, writing in the second 100 BC, reports that Pythagoras unconcealed all his doctrines himself do without interpreting dreams. The third-century Ruinous SophistPhilostratus claims that, in desirable to the Egyptians, Pythagoras besides studied under sages or gymnosophists in India.

Iamblichus expands that list even further by claiming that Pythagoras also studied be level with the Celts and Iberians.

Alleged Hellene teachers

Ancient sources also record Philosopher having studied under a character of native Greek thinkers. Generous identify Hermodamas of Samos in the same way a possible tutor.^[54] Hermodamas would-be the indigenous Samian rhapsodic rite and his father Creophylos was said to have been loftiness host of his rival lyrist Homer.

Others credit Bias perceive Priene, Thales, or Anaximander (a pupil of Thales). Other cryptogram claim the mythic bard Orpheus as Pythagoras's teacher, thus proper for the Orphic Mysteries. The Neoplatonists wrote of a "sacred discourse" Pythagoras had written on blue blood the gentry gods in the Doric Grecian dialect, which they believed abstruse been dictated to Pythagoras impervious to the Orphic priest Aglaophamus walk out his initiation to the mystic Mysteries at Leibethra.

Iamblichus credited Orpheus with having been righteousness model for Pythagoras's manner reproach speech, his spiritual attitude, meticulous his manner of worship. Iamblichus describes Pythagoreanism as a blend of everything Pythagoras had highbrow from Orpheus, from the Afrasian priests, from the Eleusinian Mysteries, and from other religious gift philosophical traditions.

Riedweg states defer, although these stories are inconstant, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely artificial by Orphism to a rare extent.

Of the various Greek sages claimed to have taught Philosopher, Pherecydes of Syros is account most often.^[59] Similar miracle legendary were told about both Mathematician and Pherecydes, including one imprint which the hero predicts precise shipwreck, one in which lighten up predicts the conquest of Port, and one in which sharptasting drinks from a well mushroom predicts an nius Paradoxographus, trim paradoxographer who may have flybynight in the second century BC, identified Pythagoras's thaumaturgic ideas rightfully a result of Pherecydes's way.

Another story, which may accredit traced to the Neopythagorean truthseeker Nicomachus, tells that, when Pherecydes was old and dying turn the island of Delos, Philosopher returned to care for him and pay his , interpretation historian and tyrant of Samos, is reported to have patriotically boasted of an epitaph hypothetically penned by Pherecydes which certified that Pythagoras's wisdom exceeded fulfil own.

On the grounds work out all these references connecting Philosopher with Pherecydes, Riedweg concludes prowl there may well be awful historical foundation to the established practice that Pherecydes was Pythagoras's instructor. Pythagoras and Pherecydes also emerge to have shared similar views on the soul and nobleness teaching of metempsychosis.

Before 520 BC, on one of his visits to Egypt or Greece, Mathematician might have met Thales accomplish Miletus, who would have antique around fifty-four years older pat him.

Thales was a nestor, scientist, mathematician, and engineer, further known for a special record of the inscribed angle hypothesis. Pythagoras's birthplace, the island draw round Samos, is situated in rank Northeast Aegean Sea not godforsaken from Miletus. Diogenes Laërtius cites a statement from Aristoxenus (fourth century BC) stating that Mathematician learned most of his honest doctrines from the Delphic priestessThemistoclea.

Porphyry agrees with this affidavit but calls the priestess Aristoclea (Aristokleia). Ancient authorities furthermore tape the similarities between the nonmaterialistic and ascetic peculiarities of Mathematician with the Orphic or European mysteries,^[67] or the Delphic oracle.^[68]

In Croton

Porphyry repeats an account proud Antiphon, who reported that, deep-rooted he was still on Samos, Pythagoras founded a school celebrated as the "semicircle".

Here, Samians debated matters of public perturb. Supposedly, the school became inexpressive renowned that the brightest dithering in all of Greece came to Samos to hear Philosopher teach. Pythagoras himself dwelled advocate a secret cave, where noteworthy studied in private and not often held discourses with a scarce of his close friends.

Christoph Riedweg, a German scholar chide early Pythagoreanism, states that nowin situation is entirely possible Pythagoras might have taught on Samos, on the other hand cautions that Antiphon's account, which makes reference to a physically powerful building that was still providential use during his own repel, appears to be motivated vulgar Samian patriotic interest.

Around 530 BC, when Pythagoras was about xl years old, he left Samos.

His later admirers claimed become absent-minded he left because he disagreed with the tyranny of Polycrates in Samos, Riedweg notes defer this explanation closely aligns condemnation Nicomachus's emphasis on Pythagoras's acknowledged love of freedom, but meander Pythagoras's enemies portrayed him rightfully having a proclivity towards dictatorship.

Other accounts claim that Philosopher left Samos because he was so overburdened with public duties in Samos, because of greatness high estimation in which blooper was held by his fellow-citizens.^[74] He arrived in the Hellene colony of Croton (today's Crotone, in Calabria) in what was then Magna Graecia.^[76] All holdings agree that Pythagoras was attractive and quickly acquired great civic influence in his new area.

He served as an consultant to the elites in Shrub and gave them frequent guidance. Later biographers tell fantastical allegorical of the effects of cap eloquent speeches in leading goodness people of Croton to defer their luxurious and corrupt keep apart from of life and devote himself to the purer system which he came to introduce.^[81]

Family near friends

Diogenes Laërtius states that Philosopher "did not indulge in loftiness pleasures of love" and give it some thought he cautioned others to sole have sex "whenever you superfluous willing to be weaker fondle yourself".

According to Porphyry, Philosopher married Theano, a lady discount Crete and the daughter outandout Pythenax and had several lineage with her. Porphyry writes put off Pythagoras had two sons name Telauges and Arignote, and capital daughter named Myia, who "took precedence among the maidens of great magnitude Croton and, when a helpmeet, among married women." Iamblichus mentions none of these children ride instead only mentions a self named Mnesarchus after his grandpa.

This son was raised brush aside Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus gain eventually took over the faculty when Aristaeus was too a range of to continue running writes go Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).^[88]

The fighter Milo of Croton was spoken to have been a accelerated associate of Pythagoras and was credited with having saved say publicly philosopher's life when a pinnacle was about to collapse.

That association may have been probity result of confusion with undiluted different man named Pythagoras, who was an athletics trainer. Philosopher Laërtius records Milo's wife's fame as Myia. Iamblichus mentions Theano as the wife of Brontinus of Croton. Diogenes Laërtius states that the same Theano was Pythagoras's pupil and that Pythagoras's wife Theano was her bird.

Diogenes Laërtius also records wind works supposedly written by Theano were still extant during government own lifetime and quotes diverse opinions attributed to her. These writings are now known although be pseudepigraphical.

Death

Pythagoras's emphasis on earnestness and asceticism are credited inert aiding in Croton's decisive make sorry over the neighboring colony holiday Sybaris in 510 BC.

Aft the victory, some prominent general public of Croton proposed a autonomous constitution, which the Pythagoreans unwanted. The supporters of democracy, fixed by Cylon and Ninon, character former of whom is uttered to have been irritated unwelcoming his exclusion from Pythagoras's consanguinity, roused the populace against them.

Followers of Cylon and Ninon attacked the Pythagoreans during connotation of their meetings, either locked in the house of Milo ingress in some other meeting-place. Economics of the attack are usually contradictory and many probably jumbled it with the later anti-Pythagorean rebellions, such as the adjourn in Metapontum in 454 BC.

The building was apparently annexation on fire, and many tip the assembled members perished; the younger and more in a deep sleep members managed to escape.^[95]

Sources dispute regarding whether Pythagoras was familiarize when the attack occurred contemporary, if he was, whether put on a pedestal not he managed to flee.

In some accounts, Pythagoras was not at the meeting considering that the Pythagoreans were attacked considering he was on Delos nurture to the dying Pherecydes. According to another account from Dicaearchus, Pythagoras was at the subjugated and managed to escape, beat a small group of furniture to the nearby city be partial to Locris, where they pleaded take care of sanctuary, but were denied.

They reached the city of Metapontum, where they took shelter fake the temple of the Muses and died there of short after forty days without nutriment. Another tale recorded by Porphyry claims that, as Pythagoras's enemies were burning the house, sovereignty devoted students laid down product the ground to make unmixed path for him to decamp by walking over their beggarly across the flames like elegant bridge.

Pythagoras managed to run off, but was so despondent quandary the deaths of his cherished students that he committed kill. A different legend reported manage without both Diogenes Laërtius and Iamblichus states that Pythagoras almost managed to escape, but that significant came to a fava noodle field and refused to subject through it, since doing advantageous would violate his teachings, middling he stopped instead and was killed.

This story seems consign to have originated from the scribbler Neanthes, who told it upturn later Pythagoreans, not about Mathematician himself.

Teachings

Metempsychosis

Although the exact details vacation Pythagoras's teachings are uncertain, out of place is possible to reconstruct precise general outline of his primary ideas.

Aristotle writes at dimension about the teachings of description Pythagoreans, but without mentioning Mathematician directly. One of Pythagoras's primary doctrines appears to have archaic metempsychosis, the belief that approach souls are immortal and roam, after death, a soul abridge transferred into a new object.

This teaching is referenced strong Xenophanes, Ion of Chios, become calm Herodotus.^[109] Nothing whatsoever, however, not bad known about the nature privileged mechanism by which Pythagoras putative metempsychosis to occur.

Empedocles alludes subtract one of his poems divagate Pythagoras may have claimed surrounding possess the ability to think back to his former incarnations.

Diogenes Laërtius reports an account from Heraclides Ponticus that Pythagoras told the public that he had lived duo previous lives that he could remember in detail.^[114] The chief of these lives was little Aethalides the son of Gofer, who granted him the state to remember all his ex- incarnations.

Next, he was incarnated as Euphorbus, a minor protagonist from the Trojan War curtly mentioned in the Iliad. Subside then became the philosopher Hermotimus, who recognized the shield stand for Euphorbus in the temple invite Apollo. His final incarnation was as Pyrrhus, a fisherman steer clear of Delos. One of his erstwhile lives, as reported by Dicaearchus, was as a beautiful courtesan.^[118]

Mysticism

Another belief attributed to Pythagoras was that of the "harmony jurisdiction the spheres", which maintained prowl the planets and stars pass on according to mathematical equations, which correspond to musical notes tell off thus produce an inaudible philharmonic.

According to Porphyry, Pythagoras cultured that the seven Muses were actually the seven planets melodic together. In his philosophical colloquy Protrepticus, Aristotle has his studious double say:

When Pythagoras was asked [why humans exist], sharp-tasting said, "to observe the heavens", and he used to say that he himself was unadorned observer of nature, and give a positive response was for the sake get ahead this that he had passed over into life.

— Aristot.

Protrepticus, p. 48

Pythagoras was said to have proficient divination and prophecy.^[122] The primitive mentions of divination by isopsephy in Greek literature associate film set with Pythagoras; he was believed as the founder of that practice.^[123] According to his chronicler, Iamblichus, he taught his means of divination to a Iranian priest of Apollo by ethics name of Abaris the Hyperborean:

Abaris stayed with Pythagoras, and was compendiously taught physiology and theology; and instead of divining building block the entrails of beasts, noteworthy revealed to him the expose of prognosticating by numbers, conceiving this to be a practice purer, more divine, and make more complicated kindred to the celestial galore of the Gods.

— Iamblichus, Vit.

Pyth, §19.93